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اسطرلاب
نوشتار اصلی: اسطرلاب
اسطرلاب از ابزارهای قدیم نجوم و طالع‌بینی است. اسطرلاب وسیله بسیار کارآمدی در نجوم رصدی بوده و اکنون بیشتر برای کاربردهای آموزشی بکار می‌رود. این ابزار برای سنجش ارتفاع، سمت، بعد و میل خورشید و ستارگان، تعیین وقت در ساعات روز و شب، قبله و زمان طلوع و غروب آفتاب و بسیاری کاربردهای دیگر به‌کار می‌رفته‌است.
منابع
↑ Albrecht Unsöld, Bodo Baschek, W.D. Brewer(translator). The New Cosmos: An Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics. Springer. ISBN 3-540-67877-8.
↑ واژه‌نامه کوچک پهلوی، مکنزی
↑ "Electromagnetic Spectrum". NASA. Archived from the original on 5 September 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
↑ Penston, Margaret J.. The electromagnetic spectrum (English). . Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council, 2002–08–14. retrieved on 2006–08-17.
↑ Calvert, James B.. Celestial Mechanics (English). . University of Denver, 2003–03–28. retrieved on 2006–08-21.
↑ Hall of Precision Astrometry (English). . University of Virginia Department of Astronomy. retrieved on 2006–08-10.
↑ Wolszczan, A. ; Frail, D. A.. A planetary system around the millisecond pulsar PSR۱۲۵۷+۱۲. . Nature 355 (1992): 145 – 147.
↑ Roth, H. (1932). "A Slowly Contracting or Expanding Fluid Sphere and its Stability". Physical Review. 39 (3): 525–529. Bibcode:1932PhRv...39..525R. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.39.525.
↑ Eddington, A.S. (1926). Internal Constitution of the Stars. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33708-3.
↑ "Dark matter". NASA. 2010. Archived from the original on 30 October 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009. third paragraph, "There is currently much ongoing research by scientists attempting to discover exactly what this dark matter is"
↑ ۱۱٫۰ ۱۱٫۱ Johansson, Sverker. The Solar FAQ (English). . Talk.Origins Archive, 2003–07–27. retrieved on 2006–08-11.
↑ Lerner, K. Lee; Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth (2006). "Environmental issues: essential primary sources". Thomson Gale. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
↑ Pogge, Richard W.. “The Once & Future Sun (lecture notes)”. New Vistas in Astronomy ed. 1997. retrieved on 2005–12-07.
↑ J. F. Bell III, B. A. Campbell, M. S. Robinson. Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences: Manual of Remote Sensing. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2004. retrieved on 2006-08-23.
↑ E. Grayzeck, D. R. Williams. Lunar and Planetary Science (English). . NASA, 2006–05–11. retrieved on 2006–08-21.
↑ Roberge, Aki. Planetary Formation and Our Solar System (English). . Carnegie Institute of Washington—Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, 1997–05–05. retrieved on 2006–08-11.
E. Grayzeck, D. R. Williams. Lunar and Planetary Science (English). . NASA, 2006–05–11. retrieved on 2006–08-21.
↑ Roberge, Aki. Planetary Formation and Our Solar System (English). . Carnegie Institute of Washington—Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, 1997–05–05. retrieved on 2006–08-11.
↑ Roberge, Aki. The Planets After Formation (English). . Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, 1998–04–21. retrieved on 2006–08-23.
↑ The New Solar System. J.K. Beatty, C.C. Petersen, A. Chaikin. 4th ed. Cambridge press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-64587-5.
↑ Stellar Evolution & Death (English). . NASA Observatorium. retrieved on 2006–06-08.
↑ The Cambridge Atlas of Astronomy. Jean Audouze, Guy Israel. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-521-43438-6.
↑ Ott, Thomas. The Galactic Centre (English). . Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, 2006–08–24. retrieved on 2006–09-08.
↑ Faulkner, Danny R.. The Role Of Stellar Population Types In The Discussion Of Stellar Evolution. . CRS Quarterly 30, no. 1 (1993): 174-180. Retrieved on 2006-09-08.
↑ Hanes, Dave. Star Formation; The Interstellar Medium (English). . Queen's University, 2006–08–24. retrieved on 2006–09-08.
↑ Van den Bergh, Sidney. The Early History of Dark Matter. . Publications of the Astronomy Society of the Pacific 111 (1999): 657-660.
↑ Keel, Bill. Galaxy Classification (English). . University of Alabama, 2006–08–01. retrieved on 2006–09-08.
↑ Active Galaxies and Quasars (English). . NASA. retrieved on 2006–09-08.
↑ Zeilik, Michael. Astronomy: The Evolving Universe. 8th ed. Wiley, 2002. ISBN 0-521-80090-0.
↑ Hinshaw, Gary. Cosmology 101: The Study of the Universe (English). . NASA WMAP, 2006–07–13. retrieved on 2006–08-10.
↑ Galaxy Clusters and Large-Scale Structure (English). . University of Cambridge. retrieved on 2006–09-08.
↑ Preuss, Paul. Dark Energy Fills the Cosmos (English). . U.S. Department of Energy, Berkeley Lab. retrieved on 2006–09-08.
↑ “The Americal Meteor Society (English)”. retrieved on 2006–08-24.
↑ Lodriguss, Jerry. “Catching the Light: Astrophotography (English)”. retrieved on 2006–08-24.
↑ F. Ghigo. Karl Jansky and the Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves (English). . National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 2006–02–07. retrieved on 2006–08-24.
↑ “Cambridge Amateur Radio Astronomers (English)”. retrieved on 2006–08-24.
↑ “The International Occultation Timing Association (English)”. retrieved on 2006–08-24.
↑ Edgar Wilson Award (English). . Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. retrieved on 2006–08-24.
↑ American Association of Variable Star Observers (English). . AAVSO. retrieved on 2006–08-24.
↑ Complex Life Elsewhere in the Universe? (English). . Astrobiology Magazine. retrieved on 2006–08-12.
↑ The Quest for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (English). . Cosmic Search Magazine. retrieved on 2006–08-12.
↑ 11 Physics Questions for the New Century (English). . Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. retrieved on 2006–08-12.
↑ Was the Universe Designed? (English). . Counterbalance Meta Library. retrieved on 2006–08-12.
نوشتار اصلی: اسطرلاب
اسطرلاب از ابزارهای قدیم نجوم و طالع‌بینی است. اسطرلاب وسیله بسیار کارآمدی در نجوم رصدی بوده و اکنون بیشتر برای کاربردهای آموزشی بکار می‌رود. این ابزار برای سنجش ارتفاع، سمت، بعد و میل خورشید و ستارگان، تعیین وقت در ساعات روز و شب، قبله و زمان طلوع و غروب آفتاب و بسیاری کاربردهای دیگر به‌کار می‌رفته‌است.
منابع
↑ Albrecht Unsöld, Bodo Baschek, W.D. Brewer(translator). The New Cosmos: An Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics. Springer. ISBN 3-540-67877-8.
↑ واژه‌نامه کوچک پهلوی، مکنزی
↑ "Electromagnetic Spectrum". NASA. Archived from the original on 5 September 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
↑ Penston, Margaret J.. The electromagnetic spectrum (English). . Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council, 2002–08–14. retrieved on 2006–08-17.
↑ Calvert, James B.. Celestial Mechanics (English). . University of Denver, 2003–03–28. retrieved on 2006–08-21.
↑ Hall of Precision Astrometry (English). . University of Virginia Department of Astronomy. retrieved on 2006–08-10.
↑ Wolszczan, A. ; Frail, D. A.. A planetary system around the millisecond pulsar PSR۱۲۵۷+۱۲. . Nature 355 (1992): 145 – 147.
↑ Roth, H. (1932). "A Slowly Contracting or Expanding Fluid Sphere and its Stability". Physical Review. 39 (3): 525–529. Bibcode:1932PhRv...39..525R. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.39.525.
↑ Eddington, A.S. (1926). Internal Constitution of the Stars. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33708-3.
↑ "Dark matter". NASA. 2010. Archived from the original on 30 October 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009. third paragraph, "There is currently much ongoing research by scientists attempting to discover exactly what this dark matter is"
↑ ۱۱٫۰ ۱۱٫۱ Johansson, Sverker. The Solar FAQ (English). . Talk.Origins Archive, 2003–07–27. retrieved on 2006–08-11.
↑ Lerner, K. Lee; Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth (2006). "Environmental issues: essential primary sources". Thomson Gale. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
↑ Pogge, Richard W.. “The Once & Future Sun (lecture notes)”. New Vistas in Astronomy ed. 1997. retrieved on 2005–12-07.
↑ J. F. Bell III, B. A. Campbell, M. S. Robinson. Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences: Manual of Remote Sensing. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2004. retrieved on 2006-08-23.
↑ E. Grayzeck, D. R. Williams. Lunar and Planetary Science (English). . NASA, 2006–05–11. retrieved on 2006–08-21.
↑ Roberge, Aki. Planetary Formation and Our Solar System (English). . Carnegie Institute of Washington—Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, 1997–05–05. retrieved on 2006–08-11.
E. Grayzeck, D. R. Williams. Lunar and Planetary Science (English). . NASA, 2006–05–11. retrieved on 2006–08-21.
↑ Roberge, Aki. Planetary Formation and Our Solar System (English). . Carnegie Institute of Washington—Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, 1997–05–05. retrieved on 2006–08-11.
↑ Roberge, Aki. The Planets After Formation (English). . Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, 1998–04–21. retrieved on 2006–08-23.
↑ The New Solar System. J.K. Beatty, C.C. Petersen, A. Chaikin. 4th ed. Cambridge press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-64587-5.
↑ Stellar Evolution & Death (English). . NASA Observatorium. retrieved on 2006–06-08.
↑ The Cambridge Atlas of Astronomy. Jean Audouze, Guy Israel. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-521-43438-6.
↑ Ott, Thomas. The Galactic Centre (English). . Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, 2006–08–24. retrieved on 2006–09-08.
↑ Faulkner, Danny R.. The Role Of Stellar Population Types In The Discussion Of Stellar Evolution. . CRS Quarterly 30, no. 1 (1993): 174-180. Retrieved on 2006-09-08.
↑ Hanes, Dave. Star Formation; The Interstellar Medium (English). . Queen's University, 2006–08–24. retrieved on 2006–09-08.
↑ Van den Bergh, Sidney. The Early History of Dark Matter. . Publications of the Astronomy Society of the Pacific 111 (1999): 657-660.
↑ Keel, Bill. Galaxy Classification (English). . University of Alabama, 2006–08–01. retrieved on 2006–09-08.
↑ Active Galaxies and Quasars (English). . NASA. retrieved on 2006–09-08.
↑ Zeilik, Michael. Astronomy: The Evolving Universe. 8th ed. Wiley, 2002. ISBN 0-521-80090-0.
↑ Hinshaw, Gary. Cosmology 101: The Study of the Universe (English). . NASA WMAP, 2006–07–13. retrieved on 2006–08-10.
↑ Galaxy Clusters and Large-Scale Structure (English). . University of Cambridge. retrieved on 2006–09-08.
↑ Preuss, Paul. Dark Energy Fills the Cosmos (English). . U.S. Department of Energy, Berkeley Lab. retrieved on 2006–09-08.
↑ “The Americal Meteor Society (English)”. retrieved on 2006–08-24.
↑ Lodriguss, Jerry. “Catching the Light: Astrophotography (English)”. retrieved on 2006–08-24.
↑ F. Ghigo. Karl Jansky and the Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves (English). . National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 2006–02–07. retrieved on 2006–08-24.
↑ “Cambridge Amateur Radio Astronomers (English)”. retrieved on 2006–08-24.
↑ “The International Occultation Timing Association (English)”. retrieved on 2006–08-24.
↑ Edgar Wilson Award (English). . Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. retrieved on 2006–08-24.
↑ American Association of Variable Star Observers (English). . AAVSO. retrieved on 2006–08-24.
↑ Complex Life Elsewhere in the Universe? (English). . Astrobiology Magazine. retrieved on 2006–08-12.
↑ The Quest for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (English). . Cosmic Search Magazine. retrieved on 2006–08-12.
↑ 11 Physics Questions for the New Century (English). . Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. retrieved on 2006–08-12.
↑ Was the Universe Designed? (English). . Counterbalance Meta Library. retrieved on 2006–08-12.
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